cheyebs



(No- Model.)

AIV. CHEVBRS. 3 Sheefs-Sheet 1. I

WIND MUSIGAL INSTRUMENT.

Patented Nov. 8, 1887.

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3 Sheets-Sheet 2. A. V. CHEVERS. WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.

Patented Nov. 8, 1887.

a sheets-sheen s. A. V. CHEVERS. WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.

I Patented Nov. 8, 1887. d 02 lIO 4UNITiD STATES PATENT Ormes.

AURION VILA CHEVERS, OF PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND.

WIND MUSICAL INSTRUM ENT.

SPECIFICATION forming pari; of Letters Patent No. 373,012, dated November 8, 1867.

Application tiled Ap1il22, 1887. Serial No. 235,764. (No mrdel.)

invention.

Among the earliest types of musical instruments were those known as Pandean pipes,77 consisting of a group of straight pipes or tubes, each closed at one end, of various lengths, secured together parallel and side by side in a row, and with their open ends occupying a straight line. The player', holding the pipes vertically in his hands with their' open ends in the plane of and against his lips, produced musical tones by blowing into and across the open ends, and varied the tones by moving the pipes to and fro, the shortest pipe affording the highest tones and the longest the lowest tones. So far as my knowledge eX- tends but one attempt has heretofore been made to embody the Pandean-pipe principle into a keyed instrument-as, forinstance, after the manner of pipe-organs-and in that instance to the extent only of producing a mere toy, having little or no practical value as a musical instrument, as will be readily apparent by referring to United States Letters Patent No. 128,506, dated July 2, 1872, in which said prior instrument is shown and described. As a result of a long series of experiments I have discovered that pipes operating on this principle can be operated by suction as well as by forcing air through tubes to the pipes, and also that rich, varied, and novel musical effects can be produced.

One important feature of my invention consists in firmly coupling the mouth of the sounding or musical pipe with or to the end of the air-pipe, whereby their proper operative relations are permanently maintained, and, further, in adjustably coupling them together,

. whereby they may be varied in position for acquiring the proper tone effects, and then securely maintained in proper position, and, still further, in the use of ilexible air-pipes interposed between the sounding-pipes and an air-chest common-to many of the soundingpipes, or between the latter and rigid air-pipes communicating with said air chest.

I have now devised composite soundingpipes, each having two or more mouths, with which air-pipes are coupled, as described, or one which is made up of two or more soundingpipes, each of which is coupled to its own air-pipe, whereby true flute-like tones can be obtained, and I have also for the first time grouped two or more of said pipes, or single pipes having several inouth-pieces, to a single air-tube, so that all may respond to the touch of a single key. I have also devised many novel forms of sounding-pipes for use singly or as members or parts of said composite pipes and various means for tuning and adjusting said pipes.

As hereinbefore stated, the tubes ot' the Pandean pipe are closed at one end, and the same is true of the pipes in the prior keyed instrument to which I have referred, and, although for some effects I use closed pipes, I obtain many specially fine musical effects by the use of straight pipes which are open at both ends, and also by the use of pipes having many mouths or openings, which are never closed, and with others having interior chambers of greater sectional area than adjacent portions of the pipe.

It would be obviously impracticable for me to fully illustrate a complete organ embodying my invention, containing, as it would, hundrcds of sounding-pipes, and of necessity having no symmetrical system of arrangementof the pipes, because the latter can only be located and arranged according to convenience Y and with reference to economy in space, a pipe for producing a high light note, being sometimes placed contiguous to a pipe for producing the heaviest bass note, said pipes being respectively controlled, for instance, by the two keys at the opposite ends of the key-board. It will' also beimpracticable for me to illustrate such specific variations in pipes, as will bedesirable for obtaining certain notes, it being well known that variations in sound Will not always result from mere variations in form or dimensions. I can therefore only present in my drawings illustrations of the salient features of my invention, and from the use of which I have obtained satisfactory results, and

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`Fig. 3, in two views each, illustrates three couplers of the same general form. Fig. 4 illustrates the simplest form of coupler used by me. Fig. 5 illustrates a more complex form of coupler. Fig. 6 illustrates a detachable mouthpiece or nipple for use with a musical p ipe.` Fig. 7 illustrates a nipple forA coupling a fiexi ble pipe directly to an air-chest. Fig. 8 in plan view illustrates a composite pipe ernbodying pipes of various forms in accordance with my invention. Figs!) to 80, inclusive, respectfully illustrate novel forms of musical pipes devised and used by me. Fig. 3l illustrates one of my pipes specially arranged for producing flute effects.

Referring to Fig. l it will be understood that the air-chests A may be indenitein nu mber and varied in arrangement, and the valves a may be operated by keys a in any desired manner without in any'manner affecting my invention7 and also that air may be forced into said chests, or a partial vacuum induced therein for operating my pipes, although, of course,V thelatter must be tuned and arranged according to whichever mode of using the air may be desired, inasmuch as forced air will produce a different tone from that resulting from air drawn inward, the pipe being the same in each case.

The air chests are provided with tubes b, which may in some cases be wholly rigid or wholly flexible and in others partially rigid and partially flexible. However said tubes may be constructed, they are essentially connected with the musical pipes, so that their relations cannot vary after they have once been set for producing the desired tone or note. In the instrument disclosed in the Letters Patent hereinbefore referred to the air-tubes and the pipes were respectively mounted on different portions of the instrument, and the least warping or twisting of those portions would inevitably derange the relations of the mouthsof the tubes and pipes and correspondingly vary the sounds produced. I show various forms of coupler, which I have used with good results. In Fig. 2 I show a simpleform of coupler composed of sheet met-al bent to form a yoke, 0. rIwo of these yokes, with a single clamp-screw, e', constitute a coupler, one yoke encircling an air-tube, b', and the other the neck or mouth d of a musical pipe. In Fig. 3 I show three couplers of the same general form7 the yokes having slotted shanks, by

means of which and the clamp-screws ci every possible desirable adjustment can be effected. In Fig. 4 the simplest form of coupler known to me is shown to be composed of soft wireV wrapped around the tube and pipe-neck and twisted more or less. By bending the wire the mouths of the tube and pipe can be adjusted with great accuracy, and the tube b' being flexible there is little or no tendency to subsequent derangement. In Fig. 5 two yokes and a set-screw are employed, as in Fig. 2; but the tube b is not directly clamped, but is coupled to one end of a mouth-piece, b2, which is encircled by one of the yokes. Each of these forms of coupler will serve a good purpose, and they will readily suggest other forms of equal value, it being immaterial how they may be specially constructed, so long as they are capable of so coupling an air-tube and the mouth d of a sounding-pipe that a movement ofeither will be followed by a corresponding movement ofthe other and their proper relative positions securely maintained, the adjustable capacity being of prime value in initially arranging the two mouths for producing the desired tone or note, although the range in variation by this adjustment is not very extensive.

In many cases it is desirable that the musical pipes should be provided with detachable mouth-pieces d', as shown in Fig. 6, and these may be insertedinto the mouths of the pipes, or they may be large enough to receive the pipes, and in either case they should iit tightly together, and by their adjustment with relation to each other desired variations in tone can be provided for. It often occurs that the entire air-tube should be flexible to admit of a sinuous arrangement in extending from the air-chest to a musical pipe, and in this case the air-chest is provided with short nipples e,

as shown in Fig. 7, the flexible pipe tightly.

engaging with the neck of the nipple.

The musical pipes are preferably composed of glass, because of the economy with which they may be produced, and in many cases bceause of the fine tones which glass affords. They may, however, with good results be composed of porcelain, hard rubber, wood, paper, or metal, and for heavy deep tones Ihave obtained excellent results with large earthenwarc musical pipe, B, embodying many novell forms of pipe, which are not only susceptible of use when combined, as shown, but also separately. In this composite pipe there are twenty-four ICO ITO

mouths, d; but this number may be varied indefinitely,according to requirements. No two v of these mouths will afford precisely the same coupled to the air-chests of an organ as to be properly controlled by the appropriate fingerkey at the key-board. The foundation-pipe fhere shown is a long trumpetshaped pipe,

having a mouth, d, at its small end,and at each side it has a series of openings, which in two instances are` directly provided with mouthpieces d, but to each of the'others a soundingpipe is connected; and while all of said sounding-pipes are designated B, Ialso employ therewith numerals for designating the different forms of pipes. t

The pipe B (also shown -.on an enlarged scale'inFig..9) has a -single coil, but is sub" stantially ofthe. same diameter between its two ends, and the latter may or may not be contracted; In Fig. 9 this pipeis shown with a' series of holes, g, which, by being closed or partiallyvclosed, enable tuning vto be readily laccomplished; but when th'ereare no holes this pipe can be tuned by placing in the coil a proper quantity of liquid, but preferably dry sand or ground glass. Thus providing a Bandeau pipe with a chamber capable of receiving and holding foreign matter introduced for timing purposes is a valuable feature of my invention.

The pipe Bl (also shown'in Fig. 10) has two straight cylindrical portions abruptly contracted atan intermediate semi-globular cham- 'bei". Variations in the location of this chamber with reference to the two ends of the pipe involve variations in tone, and the same is t-rue `of the diameter of the pipe and of its mouthpiece d. In Fig. 10 the pipe has two mouthpieces, and each affords a note or tone peculiar to itself.

The pipe B3 (also similarly shown in Fig. 1l) is composed of two straight pipes coupled by a sleeve, so as to provide for tuning by variations inlength- In Fig. 1l the pipe-is closedy at one end, as well as the sleeve; but in the composite pipa-Fig. S, this pipe is open at both ends. y

The pipes B4 and B differ only in proportions, each haviug'a large globular or semiglobular chamber, and these are similarly illustrated in Figs. l2 and 13, it being understood that either may be provided with two mouth-pieces d or with one, and open at both ends or closed at one end. lnthus using the terms globular77 and semi-globular as applied to these chambers Iam not to be understood as restricting myself to chambers of a form strictly within the'spccifie meaning of said terms, although in glass pipes that general form would predominate as an economic matter in construction; but the equivalent of 7o such a chamber, having reference to its function, would not' be limited by its form, inasmuch as the'object thereof is to provide not only the tuning capacity before referred to, butalso for the presence of a considerable body or volume of air of greater sectional area than at other closely-adjacent portions of the pipe, and if the latter were a fiattened tube or polygonal the chambers'iight as well be correspondingly .varied inform.

The pipe B6 (also shown in Fig. 14) has fr central globular or semi-globular chamber; but at each side thereof the tube is gradually contracted. This tube may have one or two mouth-pieces d and be open at o ne or both ends..

The pipe B7 (also shown in Fig. 15) has substantially' a uniform interior, but is bent or curved at right angles, and it may have one or more mouth-pieces d and be open at both ends or closed at one end. The pipe Bs (also sbownin Fig. 16) is chambered and resembles an urn, and iti's'provided with two mouth-pieces, each affording a tone of its own, and by'closing either the tone of 95 the other would be changed.

The pipe BJ (also similurlyshown in Fig. 17) has several mouth pieces d and is trumpetshaped.

The pipe Bw, (also similarly shown in Fig. 18,) with open ends, each having a mouth-piece, y(and in Fig. 19- wit'h closed ends,) is a straight cylindrical pipe having several mouths d, some of which project at right angles to the axis ofthe pipe.

The pipe B (also similarly shown in Fig.

20) is curved and branched iu unequal lengths,

and each has a mouth-piece d. and in some eases such a pipe has a standard, as shown in Fig. 20, it being understood that in Fig. 8 the two branches communicate with the standard of the pipe, and that the latter opens into the foundation-pipef.

The pipe Blz (also shown in Fig. 21) is asiniple straight pipe with one mouth-piece d, and when used by itself it may be closed at one end or open at both, and for producing some effects I employ simple straight pipes having a month-piece at each end.

The pi pe `B13 iscontracted central-ly, as sim-- ilarly shown in Fig. 22, and it may have one or two mouth-pieces and be open at both ends or closed at one end. s

The pipe BH is a simple straight pipe provided with a series of lateral openings, as also shown in Fig. 23, and sometimes said openings are flanged inwardly, as shown in Fig. 23, and at other times said danges are not employed, these variations producing variations in tone. The holes can be closed or partially closed for tuning, and the pipe may have one or two mouth-pieces d and be open at but one end or toin temperature and moisture.

Various other forms of pipes have been devised and used by me. The pipe B of Fig.

24 has four mouth-pieces d, each affording its own tone. The four arms or branchesare of 15 ,varied length, and one or more of them is provided with lateral holes for tuning or for varying the quality of tone. In Fig. 25 the pipe B16 has a single mouth d'and is shapedlike a balioon,"and is somezo times provided with a standard or base' for supporting it in a vertical position.

In, F'g. 26 the pipe B" has two air-chambers of goblet form, each having its own standard. These chambers are coupled together by 25 means of a straight pipe-having a mouth d, and each chamber has a latfgal pipe and mouth d, and each of these mouths affords its own tone or note, and eachchamber can receive and `hold matter introdu'edfor tuning.

In Fig. 27 the pipe B1B is a straight trumpetshaped pipe, openat both ends, has a mouth d at one end, and a slide, h, is provided for tuning. In Fig. 28,the pipe Bm-is a straight pipe having a'inouth-piece al at one end, is open` at the opposite endand is provided with an adjustable valve, h', by.w.hich the aperture may be controlled for tuning; rIhis pipe has also a lateral opening and a valve, 7a2, confined 4o in Vits place by .means of wire, which, on'being bent, can securelymaintain the valve in any desired position and effect the exact degree of closure to produce the desired tuning effect. The mouth d, opposite the mouth of the airy tube b', has a soft-'metal plate or lip, h3, which can be bent into various positions with relation to the air-tube and to the mouth d, and thus by detlecting the air-currents provide for tuning. Any oue'or more of these tuning So'appliances can be employed on any one pipe, as occasion may require, and they, with the use of liquid or granulated matter `within the pipes and in the chambers therein, audby va-l riationsintheir mouths by the use of the linings or bushings, hereinbefore referredto, will enable an entire vset of tubes to'be properly tuned. l `In.Fig. 29 the pipes B20 (like B12, Fig. 21)

. are of the simplest formv used byline, being 6o straightV pipes closed at one end and each havi'ng a single mouth d. This is a desirable form for tine highnotes. For producing some effects the air-tube b has a chamber, b3, at its top, with a series of branches or :dexible tubes, b', and to each of the latter a pipe, B2", is attached. As here shown five of said pipes are thus mounted; but a greater or a less number can be used, all of which will be sounded by touching a single key, by which dmmunication with an air-chest is controlled. If all of these pipes be tuned to the same note, desirable volume of sound will be afforded; but as here shown no two pipes are alike, but

they would be tuned to produce au effective chord. In dealing with high notes ituwill be seen thatl a large number of pipes can thus be lgrouped and mounted inbut little more space than would be required for a single pipe producing the same note in van ordinary pipeorgan. these grouped'pipes each group may contain, say, two pipes for affording the extremes of an octave, and also other ppes'chording therewith, and that the whole may be controlled by a stop in the usualv manner, thus enabling ef- 'feets from the operation of keys siuglyor one' by one, which I believe to beimpracticable with any prior system of pipes. p

It will also be seen that in a series of 8oy In Fig. 30 I sho'wa single pipe, Bw, having several mouth-pieces, each being coupled toa iiexible air-tube, b', branching from an air-A chamber, b, on top of an air-tube, b, thus providing for a chord on touching a single key,

,as vwith the separate grouped pipes of Fig. 29.

Now, referring to the pipes of dthe various novel forms devised by-rne, I will say that each and every forni, as well as each arrangement which I have shown, possesses a Value peculiar to itself which can hardly be de'- seribed, but which will be at once apparent to persons skilled in organ-building on hearing my pipesin practical operation.

With those varieties of my pipes which-involve mouths projecting at right angles vfrom theaxis of the tube or the Inain'portion thereof I get a variety of flute effects superior to' any I have ever heretofore heard in any pipe-organ. The difficulty in describing the several effects available will be illustrated when I say that a pipe in form like that of Fig. 25, B16, for instance, may be tuned to correspond to a pipe of the straight variety, Fig. 2l, BW; but thev tone of BG will be fuller and richer than the other, and yet both are desirable separately, and also to operate together at the sanietime for producing certaindesirable effects. Y

In Fig.'3l one of my pipes is shown with the air-tube b applied, as before described, to

the single mouth d, and the severalopenings al"a are each provided witha hinged cap or valve, d3, having a drop-wire, d, to be coupled .to a finger-key.

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respond to suction through the air-tubes b b;

but the same pipe will afford two different' tones, according to whether a forced blast or suction is employed. In many cases my dexible air-tubes can be` attached directly to the y bellows and the air controlled by key-oper- .hrlll tion, whether vertical or inclined; and'hence s of my pipes maybe applied theretoand with su'itablestops be made to cooperate with pipesorl reeds land be controlled bythe same keys.

. 'forded from the one pipe,

ated mechanism for vcompressing the tubes, `and-thereby cutting off, or controlling the air supplied to the sounding-pipes.y

,Although the sevegial pipes shown arecylindrical in cross-section, I obtain good results .if they be oval oreven polygonal. s

It will be seen that by the use of the -flexible air-tubes and the couplings by which their `ends are securely' attached to the mouthsl of the pipesfthe lattermay occupy any posiforenlarging thecapacities ofpipe, or even 'reed-organs now in use, any desired number -In such of my-pipes'as have tw'o or more mouths dffull notes and half-notes may-be af- I have sho-wn a lip at most ofthe mouths' d of my pipes and whileA this is generally desirablc .in most cases,.andspecially so in many,

sirabIe.` y

' Referring' .now again to Fig. 1, itwill be I sometimes have no li`pas when specially shrill elects are-desired. Variations in the sharpness and curvature of the lip are also de- 'seen thattheseveral pipes are designated by such letters of reference as have been employed in the detailed description; and in this connectionit is to be understood that the pipes shown canbe applie'd'and operated in connection with such valves, stops, &c., as are used in ordin'aryorganls, although but one variety of action has been illustrated.

I will state in conclusion that I have used "both glass and metal bushings within the dexi- 'ble tubes at the points embraced by their clamps for enabling the latter to be rmly ap? plied without any liability of distorting the tube.

Having thus described my invention, I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent- 1. Ina musicalinstrument operated by wind, the combina-tion of a sounding or musical pipe and an air-tube coupled to the mouth of said pipe and substantially at rightangles thereto, substantially as described, vwhereby the relations of said tube and pipe 'are accurately maintained and a certain note or tone afforded with uniformity.

2. In a musical instrument operated by wind, the combination of a sounding or musical pipe, an air-tube, and an adjustable coupler for uniting' theiend of said tube to the mouth of the pipe and enabling avariations intheir-relaf tive positions for tuning, substantiallyasdescribed.. y

3. In a musicalinstrument operated by wind,- Ythe combination of la sounding or musical pipe and va flexible air-tube/coupl'ed to the mouth of said pipe', substantially as described," for delivering air across and into the'mouth of said le. 4. p Inamusicalin'strumentoperated bywind, the combinationof a sounding or musical pipe,

an air-tube coupledt'the mouth' of said pipe andsubstautially atrght angles thereto, and

an'adjustable'detlectng plate or tip on said pipe 'opposite the mouth of the air-tube, substantialiy as described, whereby variations in tone can be obtained by'varying the of said deecting-plate. z

5. In a musical instrument operated by wind, the combination, with ai1 -conduct`ing` tubes, oi`a-sounding or musical pipe having/two or position more mouths, each coupled toits appropriate air-tube, which enables'air to pass across and partially into said mouth, whereby a variety of tones or notes is afforded from'said pipe.

- 6. Inamusicalinstrument operated by wind,4 the combinatidn of asounding or musical pipe -`containing a globularor semi-globular chamber, as described',"and.an .air -tube coupled substantiallya'tfright angles to the mouth of said pipe, substantially 'as described.

7. In amusicalinstrumentoperated by wind, the combination, wit-ha single air-tube, of two or more branch tubesaud a sounding' or musical pipe coupled to each of said branch tubes, substantially as described.

' 8. In amusicalinstrumenteoperatedbywind, the combination of a sounding-pipe provided with a detachable and adjustable mouthpiece .tumori VILA cHEvERs.

.VVitnessesz EDWARD FIELD, 2d, GEORGE A. EMERSON.

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